When the filtering layer begins to clog need cleaning it, which happens every 4 to 6 weeks. The cleaning is manual and involves removing the first layer of sand, sand washing in separate tubs and in reconstruction of filter bed. Quick filters are the most used, particularly in combination with other treatments such as clarification (surface waters) and the removal of iron and manganese (deep waters), and can deal with an input flow rate 40 times higher than that of lens filters (survival water purification systems).
The sedimented material is conveyed towards a hopper formed on bottom of tank, by means of mechanical pickers that sweep the bottom of same, and from here pumped to sludge treatment line. The size of tanks depends on detention time which is a function of characteristics of solid sediments present in raw waters and the type of decanter chosen.
Filtration is a treatment used to remove suspended solids from the waters not sediment. Treatment consists in passing the raw waters through a filter medium (bed / filter layer or filter cloth). In case of filter layer, the filter material can be made from quartz sand, anthracite or activated charcoal. During filtration the filtered solids gradually begin to clog the filtering layer resulting in an increase of load losses, which is increased to overcome the supply pressure. Exceeded the maximum value of said pressure must be made to interruption of flow and to cleaning of filter medium.
Indeed, the presence of substances in suspension, for example, can nullify the effect of final disinfection since such particles may protect microorganisms against the action of disinfectants. In treatment of flocculation will exploit the properties of certain substances, called coagulants, which under certain operating conditions, in form of waters insoluble compounds with electric charge of opposite sign (positive charge) than that of colloids constituents as to eliminate the turbidity (negative charge).
Forms special surface filtration membrane processes are divided according to size of pores in: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and hyperfiltration or reverse osmosis. Filtration membranes can be used for example as an alternative to or flocculation processes adsorption.
Treatments: also divided into several phases, improve the organoleptic characteristics of waters (adsorption on activated carbon) and lower the content of dissolved solids (demineralization). The interventions of this type are provided, when necessary, upstream of treatment processes of filtration real, and allow the removal of materials and substances which by their nature and size are likely to damage the equipment and compromise the efficiency of subsequent treatment stages.
The 'sodium aluminate is very expensive and is also used in treatment of lime-soda softening species in case of high hardness and magnesium. In some waters, even with a strong dose of coagulant, are unable to develop a staple of suitable density. Inse cases, adjuvants are added to waters coagulation to promote the densification of micro-flakes.
What lens filters the filtering action is exerted by the biological film that develops on the surface of filter in 10-15 days (aging time of filter). The film filter is very sensitive to mechanical disturbances and organic contaminants. During the period of maturation of film the filtered waters is not considered potable. The inflow of waters into filter takes place from above while runoff occurs from the bottom; the filtration rate.
The sedimented material is conveyed towards a hopper formed on bottom of tank, by means of mechanical pickers that sweep the bottom of same, and from here pumped to sludge treatment line. The size of tanks depends on detention time which is a function of characteristics of solid sediments present in raw waters and the type of decanter chosen.
Filtration is a treatment used to remove suspended solids from the waters not sediment. Treatment consists in passing the raw waters through a filter medium (bed / filter layer or filter cloth). In case of filter layer, the filter material can be made from quartz sand, anthracite or activated charcoal. During filtration the filtered solids gradually begin to clog the filtering layer resulting in an increase of load losses, which is increased to overcome the supply pressure. Exceeded the maximum value of said pressure must be made to interruption of flow and to cleaning of filter medium.
Indeed, the presence of substances in suspension, for example, can nullify the effect of final disinfection since such particles may protect microorganisms against the action of disinfectants. In treatment of flocculation will exploit the properties of certain substances, called coagulants, which under certain operating conditions, in form of waters insoluble compounds with electric charge of opposite sign (positive charge) than that of colloids constituents as to eliminate the turbidity (negative charge).
Forms special surface filtration membrane processes are divided according to size of pores in: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and hyperfiltration or reverse osmosis. Filtration membranes can be used for example as an alternative to or flocculation processes adsorption.
Treatments: also divided into several phases, improve the organoleptic characteristics of waters (adsorption on activated carbon) and lower the content of dissolved solids (demineralization). The interventions of this type are provided, when necessary, upstream of treatment processes of filtration real, and allow the removal of materials and substances which by their nature and size are likely to damage the equipment and compromise the efficiency of subsequent treatment stages.
The 'sodium aluminate is very expensive and is also used in treatment of lime-soda softening species in case of high hardness and magnesium. In some waters, even with a strong dose of coagulant, are unable to develop a staple of suitable density. Inse cases, adjuvants are added to waters coagulation to promote the densification of micro-flakes.
What lens filters the filtering action is exerted by the biological film that develops on the surface of filter in 10-15 days (aging time of filter). The film filter is very sensitive to mechanical disturbances and organic contaminants. During the period of maturation of film the filtered waters is not considered potable. The inflow of waters into filter takes place from above while runoff occurs from the bottom; the filtration rate.
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